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Vardenafil

Vardenafil is a drug used primarily to treat erectile dysfunction in adult men. It belongs to the class of drugs known as PDE5 inhibitors. Vardenafil works by relaxing blood vessels and increasing blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation, providing a reliable and effective option for healthy sexual performance.

Artistic representation of the molecular structure of Vardenafil

For millions of men around the world, erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common yet deeply personal challenge. Fortunately, modern medicine offers effective solutions, with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors leading the way as the cornerstone of treatment. Among these, Vardenafil is a trusted option that can help men regain confidence and improve their quality of life.

Vardenafil emerged in the early 2000s as a significant advance in the treatment of ED following the success of Sildenafil (Viagra). Developed by Bayer Pharmaceuticals in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline, Vardenafil was designed to provide a potent, fast-acting alternative in the growing class of PDE5 inhibitors. Its development was based on insights into the role of PDE5 in regulating blood flow, with the aim of providing a more targeted option for men with ED, including those with challenging conditions such as diabetes. After rigorous clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety, Vardenafil was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [1] and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) [2] in 2003, marking a pivotal moment in men's health by expanding treatment options.

Marketed under brand names such as Levitra, later Staxyn and Levitra Soft (a dissolvable formulation), Vardenafil quickly gained traction for its rapid onset and reliable duration of up to five hours. In Italy, Bayer sells Vardenafil as Levitra and GSK sells it as Vivanza. Its launch coincided with a cultural shift towards open discussion of ED, helping to destigmatise the condition and encourage men to seek treatment. The expiry of Bayer's patent in the late 2010s led to the availability of affordable generic versions, further widening access.

In all markets, Vardenafil currently has a single-digit share of PDE5 inhibitor prescriptions. In a published analysis of Norwegian prescription data, 4.8% of ED prescriptions in 2020 were for Vardenafil, compared with 47% for Sildenafil and 43% for Tadalafil [3]. Similarly, US sales data show that Vardenafil use is minimal. A national sales study found that Tadalafil and Sildenafil volumes far outstripped Vardenafil [4]. In other words, even as ED drug use increases, Vardenafil prescriptions represent only a small fraction of the market.

What is Vardenafil?

Vardenafil is an effective drug classified as a PDE5 inhibitor [5], used primarily to treat ED in men. By helping to increase blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation, it enables men to achieve and maintain an erection, treating a condition that can have a significant impact on confidence and relationships. Vardenafil is taken orally, usually as a tablet, about 30 to 60 minutes before sexual activity, making it a convenient option for many.

The drug is specifically designed to treat ED, a condition where men have difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection suitable for intimacy. Unlike treatments that require injections or devices, Vardenafil offers a non-invasive, discreet solution that fits seamlessly into daily life. Its popularity stems from its reliable performance, with many users reporting successful results, and relatively mild, short-lived side effects (1.3% of patients) [6].

What sets Vardenafil apart is its balance of efficacy and accessibility. It's widely prescribed because it's easy to use and the availability of generic versions makes it more affordable without compromising quality. For men seeking a reliable way to manage ED, Vardenafil stands out as a trusted choice that combines proven results with ease of use, offering a pathway to renewed confidence and connection.

Generic Vardenafil

Generic Vardenafil (generic Levitra) offers a cost-effective alternative to brand name formulations such as Levitra and Staxyn, making treatment for ED more accessible to a wider audience. These generics contain the same active ingredient, Vardenafil, and are subject to the same strict regulatory standards set by authorities such as the FDA and EMA. This ensures that generic Vardenafil drugs, such as Valif, are as effective and safe as the original brand name counterpart, providing reliable relief from ED at a lower price.

Since the patent for Vardenafil expired, generic options have become widely available through pharmacies, both in-store and online, often at a fraction of the cost of the original brands. This affordability is a game changer for men who may have been reluctant to seek treatment because of the cost. Whether you choose generic or branded Vardenafil, the therapeutic benefits of improved blood flow and sustained erections during sexual activity remain unchanged, providing the same opportunity to increase intimacy and confidence.

Men considering a generic version of Vardenafil should be confident in its quality, but are encouraged to consult their doctor or pharmacist to explore these options. A healthcare provider can confirm the best choice based on individual needs and highlight potential savings, ensuring that effective treatment is both accessible and budget-friendly. With generics, the path to treating erection disorder is more accessible than ever, allowing men to prioritise their health without the financial burden.

Key benefits

Vardenafil is a viable choice for men looking for an effective treatment for ED, with a strong track record of success. Clinical studies show that it helps the vast majority of users achieve reliable erections, with many experiencing results in as little as 10 minutes after taking the drug [7]. Its effects can last up to five hours, providing a flexible window for intimacy that works well with spontaneous moments. This fast onset and reliable duration make Vardenafil a practical and reassuring option for men who want to regain their sexual confidence.

Compared to some other PDE5 inhibitors, Vardenafil is highly selective for PDE5 over other enzymes, which may reduce certain side effects (particularly visual disturbances, which are common with Sildenafil) [8]. At recommended doses, side effects (such as headache, flushing, nasal congestion) are usually mild to moderate and transient. Available in a range of doses (usually 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg), allowing personalisation based on efficacy and tolerability. In addition, Vardenafil is an effective and generally safe treatment for ED, even in men unresponsive to Sildenafil [9].

The unique advantage of Vardenafil is its balance of potency and accessibility. Compared to other PDE5 inhibitors, it's known to be effective even in men with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, where ED can be more difficult to treat [10]. Beyond clinical trials and pharmaceutical marketing, the true measure of a drug is the experience of those who use it.

How it works

Vardenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, is designed to treat ED by enhancing the body's natural response to sexual stimulation. It targets a specific enzyme, PDE5, which can restrict blood flow to the penis, a common cause of ED. By inhibiting this enzyme, Vardenafil promotes smoother blood flow, enabling men to achieve and maintain an erection when aroused. Importantly, it only works in the presence of sexual stimulation, ensuring a natural and controlled response.

Here's how Vardenafil works in the body:

  1. Blocks PDE5 activity: During sexual arousal, the body releases nitric oxide, which triggers the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This molecule relaxes the smooth muscles in the penis and dilates the blood vessels. PDE5 breaks down cGMP and restricts blood flow. Vardenafil inhibits PDE5, allowing cGMP to build up and maintain muscle and vessel relaxation.
  2. Increases blood flow: With PDE5 inhibited, the blood vessels in the penis remain dilated, increasing blood flow. This results in a firmer, longer-lasting erection suitable for sexual activity.
  3. Supports natural response: Vardenafil enhances the body's natural erectile response, rather than automatically causing an erection. Sexual arousal is still required, so the experience feels organic and responsive.

Compared to other PDE5 inhibitors such as Sildenafil or Tadalafil, Vardenafil is often praised for its rapid onset of action, with many users starting to feel the effects within 15 minutes. Its duration of up to five hours strikes a balance between spontaneity and reliability. Although similar in mechanism to its counterparts, Vardenafil's specific chemical structure may make it particularly effective for some men, especially those with conditions such as diabetes, where sexual impotence can be harder to treat. This targeted action makes Vardenafil a reliable choice for restoring sexual function with precision and ease.

Indications

Vardenafil is a versatile potency remedy designed to meet the specific needs of men's health, providing a reliable solution for those facing challenges with sexual function. Its primary role is to treat ED, a condition that affects millions of men and can affect both physical and emotional well-being.

The approved uses and potential applications of Vardenafil include:

  • Primary use: Vardenafil is approved by the FDA and EMA for the treatment of ED to help men of various ages and health conditions overcome difficulties in achieving or maintaining an erection suitable for sexual activity.
  • Other approved uses: Currently, Vardenafil is primarily indicated for ED and has no other FDA or EMA approved uses. Research continues to explore its potential in other areas, but these are not yet standard practice.
  • Off-label uses: In rare cases, healthcare providers may prescribe Vardenafil off-label for conditions such as pulmonary arterial hypertension [11] or certain vascular problems based on its mechanism of improving blood flow. Such uses are uncommon and should only be undertaken under strict medical supervision.

Vardenafil's targeted use for ED highlights its value as a targeted, effective treatment. For men with erection problems, it offers a straightforward way to regain sexual vitality. Anyone considering Vardenafil, especially for off-label purposes, should consult their doctor to ensure it is appropriate for their health needs.

Side effects

Vardenafil is generally well-tolerated and provides an effective solution to ED with a side effect profile that is manageable for most men [12]. Like any medication, it can cause side effects, but these are usually mild and short-lived. Understanding what to expect can help users feel confident in their treatment and know when to seek medical advice.

Common side effects that affect a small percentage of users include:

  • Headache: A common but usually mild side effect that often goes away on its own.
  • Flushing: Warmth or redness of the face or neck, usually temporary.
  • Nasal congestion: A stuffy nose that is usually mild and passes quickly.
  • Indigestion: Mild upset stomach or acid reflux, often relieved with food or water.
  • Dizziness: Occasional lightheadedness, especially if you stand up quickly.

Rare but serious side effects, although uncommon, require immediate medical attention:

  • Changes in vision or hearing: Sudden loss or change in vision or hearing, such as blurred vision or ringing in the ears, should prompt urgent medical attention.
  • Prolonged erection (priapism): An erection lasting more than four hours is a medical emergency as it can cause permanent damage if left untreated.
  • Chest pain or irregular heartbeat: Any signs of heart problems during use require immediate medical attention.

Most men experience no or mild side effects, which often diminish as the body adjusts to the medication. To minimise discomfort, users can stay hydrated, avoid excessive alcohol and follow the dosing instructions. If side effects persist or cause concern, a healthcare provider can offer advice on adjustments or alternative options.

Interactions

Vardenafil can interact with certain medications and lifestyle factors that may affect its performance or safety [13]. Understanding these interactions is key to ensuring that the medicine works as intended while minimising risks.

Potential interactions include:

  • Nitrates: Medications such as nitroglycerin, used for chest pain, may cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure when combined with Vardenafil. This combination is strongly contraindicated.
  • Alpha-blockers: Medications for high blood pressure or prostate problems, such as tamsulosin, may cause low blood pressure when taken with Vardenafil, requiring careful dose adjustment.
  • Other PDE5 inhibitors: Combining Vardenafil with similar ED medications such as Sildenafil or Tadalafil may increase the risk of side effects and is not recommended.
  • Certain antifungals and antibiotics: Medications such as ketoconazole or erythromycin can increase the levels of Vardenafil in the blood, potentially increasing side effects. Dose changes may be needed.
  • HIV protease inhibitors: Drugs such as ritonavir may alter the metabolism of Vardenafil and require monitoring to avoid adverse effects.

Lifestyle factors may also affect the effectiveness of Vardenafil:

  • Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption may reduce the ability to achieve an erection and increase the likelihood of side effects such as dizziness or headache.
  • Grapefruit products: Grapefruit juice can interfere with the metabolism of Vardenafil, potentially leading to higher levels of the drug and increased side effects.
  • High fat meals: Eating a heavy, fatty meal before taking Vardenafil may delay the onset of action as it may slow absorption.

To optimise the benefits of Vardenafil, men should share their full medication list and lifestyle habits with their doctor or pharmacist. This will ensure that any potential interactions are identified and managed, and that Vardenafil provides reliable results safely and effectively.

Contraindications

Vardenafil is an effective treatment for ED, but it is not suitable for everyone. Certain medical conditions, medications, and sensitivities may make its use unsafe, potentially leading to serious health risks. Men considering Vardenafil should consult their doctor to confirm that it is appropriate for their health profile and to ensure safe and confident use.

Vardenafil should not be used in the following situations:

  • Use of nitrates: Taking Vardenafil with nitrate medications, such as nitroglycerin or isosorbide, used for chest pain or heart problems, can cause a life-threatening drop in blood pressure.
  • Severe heart problems: Men with serious cardiovascular problems such as a recent heart attack, unstable angina, or severe heart failure should avoid Vardenafil as sexual activity and the effects of the drug may stress the heart.
  • Low blood pressure: Individuals with hypotension (very low blood pressure) or conditions that predispose them to it should not use Vardenafil as it may further lower blood pressure.
  • Severe liver or kidney disease: People with severe liver impairment (e.g. cirrhosis) or end-stage kidney disease may not be able to metabolise Vardenafil safely, increasing the risk of side effects.
  • Certain eye conditions: Men with rare eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa or a history of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) should avoid Vardenafil due to potential vision-related risks.
  • Hypersensitivity to Vardenafil: Individuals with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to Vardenafil or any of its components should not use the medication to avoid allergic reactions.
  • Concomitant use with certain medications: Vardenafil is contraindicated with certain drugs that strongly affect its metabolism, such as ritonavir or indinavir (HIV protease inhibitors), due to the risk of excessive drug levels and serious side effects.

By discussing their medical history and current medications with a doctor, men can ensure that Vardenafil is a safe choice. These precautions will help protect health while allowing most men to benefit from Vardenafil's ability to restore confidence and intimacy.

Onset & duration

Vardenafil is valued for its predictable and convenient timing, making it an attractive choice for men fighting ED. Knowing when it starts working and how long its effects last helps users plan with confidence, ensuring a natural and stress-free experience.

Vardenafil typically starts working within 30 to 60 minutes of taking it, allowing men to engage in sexual activity at relatively short notice. For best results, it's best to take it on an empty stomach or after a light meal, as a high-fat meal can delay absorption and push the onset of action closer to an hour. Once active, Vardenafil lasts up to 8 hours, providing a generous window for intimacy without the need to rush [14]. This duration strikes a balance between spontaneity and reliability, and fits well with most lifestyles.

Alcohol should be consumed in moderation, as excessive drinking can slow the onset of the drug and reduce its effectiveness. Timing the use of Vardenafil around meals and alcohol can improve its performance and ensure the best possible result. Men can work with their healthcare provider to fine-tune their use and tailor it to their needs for a seamless and effective experience.

How to use Vardenafil

Vardenafil is a simple and effective treatment of sexual dysfunctions, designed to fit seamlessly into a man's routine. Proper use ensures optimal results, helping men achieve reliable erections with minimal effort.

Here are some practical guidelines for using Vardenafil:

  • Dosage and administration: Vardenafil is usually taken as a single dose of 10 mg about 30 to 60 minutes before sexual activity, although doses may range from 5 mg to 20 mg based on a doctor's recommendation. It should not be taken more than once in a 24-hour period.
  • How to take it: Take this tablet by mouth with a glass of water, with or without food. For a faster onset of action, avoid high-fat meals, which may delay absorption. Staxyn, a dissolvable form, should be placed on the tongue to dissolve without water.
  • Timing tips: For best results, plan to take Vardenafil about an hour before sexual activity. The effect generally lasts up to 5 hours, so there is flexibility for spontaneous moments.
  • Alcohol and lifestyle: Limit alcohol intake, as excessive drinking can reduce effectiveness and increase side effects such as dizziness. Avoid grapefruit products, which may interfere with the metabolism of this medicine.
  • Follow your doctor's advice: Always take exactly the prescribed dose and instructions. Do not change the dose without consulting your doctor, as higher doses may increase the risk of side effects.

For best results, men should be open with their doctor about their health, lifestyle and other medications they are taking. This will help to ensure that Vardenafil is used safely and effectively, allowing men to approach intimacy with confidence and ease.

Who can use Vardenafil

Vardenafil is a widely available erection medication that is suitable for most men who want to restore their sexual function and confidence. Designed to help men of all ages and health conditions, it offers a reliable solution for those who have difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection. However, its use requires careful consideration of individual health conditions to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Vardenafil is generally suitable for:

Important precautions:

  • A medical evaluation is essential before starting Vardenafil to rule out contraindications such as severe heart disease, low blood pressure or use of nitrates.
  • Men with certain health problems, such as liver or kidney disease, may require adjusted doses or alternative treatments.
  • People taking medicines that interact with Vardenafil, such as alpha-blockers or certain antifungals, should consult their doctor to avoid complications.

The importance of seeking medical advice cannot be overstated. A healthcare provider can assess whether Vardenafil is safe based on a man's medical history, current medications, and overall health. This step ensures that the medication is both effective and risk-free, providing peace of mind. With proper guidance, most men with ED can safely use Vardenafil to reclaim intimacy and vitality.

When should you consider Vardenafil

Vardenafil is an excellent option for men looking for a reliable and straightforward solution to ED, especially when lifestyle, health, or relationship needs call for reliable treatment. Its versatility and fast onset of action make it suitable for a wide range of situations, giving men the flexibility to manage ED with confidence.

Consider Vardenafil in the following scenarios:

  • Persistent ED symptoms: If achieving or maintaining an erection is consistently difficult, whether due to physical conditions such as diabetes or psychological factors such as stress, Vardenafil may provide effective relief.
  • Desire for spontaneity: With an onset of action in 30 to 60 minutes and an effect lasting around 5 hours, Vardenafil is ideal for men who value a balance between planning and spontaneity in their intimate moments.
  • Underlying health conditions: Vardenafil is often effective for men with conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure, where ED can be more difficult to treat, making it a good choice for those with complex health profiles.
  • Active lifestyles: For men who lead busy lives or prefer a treatment that is easy to integrate, Vardenafil's simple oral administration and predictable duration fit well with dynamic schedules.
  • Relationship goals: When ED strains a relationship or reduces intimacy, Vardenafil can help restore connection and trust, fostering stronger emotional and physical bonds.

Advantages of Vardenafil include its rapid onset of action and efficacy in diverse populations, particularly men who may not respond as well to other ED treatments. It's particularly appealing to those looking for a drug that works quickly without requiring significant lifestyle changes.

Comparison with other PDE5 inhibitors

Vardenafil is one of several erectile dysfunction medicaments, alongside well-known options such as Sildenafil, Tadalafil and Avanafil. While all of these medications work by increasing blood flow to the penis during sexual arousal, each has unique characteristics that may suit different needs. Below is a brief comparison to highlight how Vardenafil stacks up, to help men discuss their options with their healthcare provider.

Vardenafil vs. Sildenafil

Sildenafil, sold as Viagra, was the first PDE5 inhibitor to be introduced and remains a popular choice. Both Vardenafil and Sildenafil have a similar onset (30-60 minutes) and duration (4–6 hours), but Vardenafil may act slightly faster in some men and is less affected by food, particularly high-fat meals. Vardenafil is also known to be more effective in men with underlying conditions such as diabetes, where the effectiveness of Sildenafil can vary. The choice often comes down to individual response and cost, with generic Vardenafil often being more affordable.

Vardenafil vs. Tadalafil

Tadalafil, marketed as Cialis, is known for its extended duration of action, lasting up to 36 hours, earning it the nickname “the weekend pill”. In contrast, Vardenafil usually lasts up to about 5 hours, making it more suitable for men who prefer shorter-acting options with less planning. Tadalafil's longer duration may appeal to those looking for more spontaneity over days, while Vardenafil's faster onset (as little as 30 minutes) is ideal for more immediate needs. Vardenafil may also have a slight edge in efficacy for certain medical conditions, such as ED associated with diabetes.

Vardenafil vs. Avanafil

Avanafil, sold as Stendra, is a newer PDE5 inhibitor designed for rapid onset of action, often within 15–30 minutes. Vardenafil's onset (30–60 minutes) is slightly slower, but still competitive, and its duration (up to 5–8 hours) is comparable to Avanafil. Vardenafil's advantages include its established track record, wider availability in generic forms and proven efficacy in diverse populations. Avanafil may be preferred by those who prioritise speed, but Vardenafil's reliability and affordability make it a strong contender.

Each PDE5 inhibitor offers different benefits, and Vardenafil's balance of fast action, reliable duration and mild side effects in difficult cases makes it a versatile choice.

Lifestyle tips for best results

Vardenafil is a powerful tool for treating ED, but combining it with healthy lifestyle choices can enhance its effectiveness and improve overall well-being. By adopting habits that support physical and emotional health, men can maximise the benefits of Vardenafil, improving both sexual performance and quality of life. These practical steps empower men to take control of their health with confidence and optimism.

Consider the following lifestyle tips to get the most out of Vardenafil:

  • Eat a balanced diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins supports cardiovascular health, which is essential for strong erections. Avoiding heavy, high-fat meals before taking Vardenafil ensures faster absorption and a quicker onset of action.
  • Exercise regularly: Moderate physical activity, such as 30 minutes of walking, jogging or weight training most days, improves blood flow and reduces stress, both of which enhance the effects of Vardenafil. Exercise also supports heart health, a key factor in ED management.
  • Limit alcohol: Excessive alcohol can impair sexual performance and increase the side effects of Vardenafil, such as dizziness. Stick to moderate drinking (e.g. one or two drinks) for optimal results.
  • Manage stress and mental health: Stress, anxiety or depression can make ED worse. Practices such as mindfulness, meditation, or therapy can reduce psychological barriers and help Vardenafil work more effectively.
  • Stop smoking: Smoking damages the blood vessels, hindering the blood flow that Vardenafil is designed to improve. Quitting or reducing smoking can significantly improve the effects of the drug and overall vascular health.
  • Get enough sleep: Good quality sleep supports hormone balance and energy levels, both of which are essential for sexual health. Aim for 7–8 hours of restful sleep each night to complement the benefits of Vardenafil.
  • Communicate with your partner: Open communication about ED and treatment promotes emotional intimacy, reduces pressure to perform, and improves the overall experience with Vardenafil.

By incorporating these habits, men can increase the effectiveness of Vardenafil while building a foundation for long-term health. Consulting a healthcare professional for personalised advice ensures that these changes are tailored to individual needs, paving the way for renewed vitality and stronger relationships.

References

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Apr 2002), "Drug Approval Package: Levitra (Vardenafil Hydrochloride) Tablets", accessdata.fda.gov
  2. European Medicines Agency (Jan 2025), "Summary of the European public assessment report (EPAR) for Levitra", ema.europa.eu
  3. P Juliebø-Jones, I Roth, Ch A Moen, P Gjengstø, Ch Beisland (Apr 2025), "National Trends in Medication Prescriptions for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Erectile Dysfunction: Findings from the Norwegian Prescription Database", European Urology Open Science, sciencedirect.com
  4. I Hernandez, Z Gul, W F Gellad, B J Davies (Jun 2021), "Marked Increase in Sales of Erectile Dysfunction Medication During COVID-19", Journal of General Internal Medicine, link.springer.com
  5. Wikipedia (2024), "PDE5 inhibitor", wikipedia.org
  6. H van Ahlen, J Zumbé, K Stauch, H Landen (May 2005), "The real-life safety and efficacy of vardenafil: an international post-marketing surveillance study—results from 29 358 German patients ", The Journal of International Medical Research, journals.sagepub.com
  7. J D Evans, S R Hill (Aug 2015), "A comparison of the available phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a focus on avanafil", Patient preference and adherence, dovepress.com
  8. G M Keating, L J Scott (Sep 2012), "Vardenafil: A review of its use in erectile dysfunction", Drugs, link.springer.com
  9. C C Carson, D G Hatzichristou, S Carrier, D Lording, P Lyngdorf, P Aliotta, S Auerbach, M Murdock, H J Wilkins, T A McBride, M W Colopy (Dec 2004), "Erectile response with vardenafil in sildenafil nonresponders: a multicentre, double-blind, 12-week, flexible-dose, placebo-controlled erectile dysfunction clinical trial", BJU International, bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  10. D Ziegler, F Merfort, H Van Ahlen, A Yassin, T Reblin, M Neureither (Sep 2006), "Efficacy and safety of flexible-dose vardenafil in men with type 1 diabetes and erectile dysfunction", The Journal of Sexual Medicine, academic.oup.com
  11. Zhi-Cheng Jing, et al. (Mar 2011), "Vardenafil in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
    A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study"
    , American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, atsjournals.org
  12. K Nagao, N Ishii, S Kamidono, T Osada; Vardenafil (Levitra) Clinical Trial Group (Jul 2004), "Safety and efficacy of vardenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction: result of a bridging study in Japan", Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  13. Drugs.com (2025), "Vardenafil Interactions", drugs.com
  14. H Porst, I D Sharlip, D Hatzichristou, E Rubio-Aurioles, M Gittelman, B N Stancil, P M Smith, H J Wilkins, P Pommerville; Vardenafil Study Group (Jun 2006), "Extended duration of efficacy of vardenafil when taken 8 hours before intercourse: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study", European Urology, sciencedirect.com
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